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The Penn Summer Science Initiative (PSSI), sponsored by MRSEC, offers a four-week materials science course for high school students, focusing on various characterization techniques and practical assignments.

Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are proposed as a promising candidate for beyond Li-ion chemistries, however, a key challenge associated with NIBs is the inability to achieve intercalation in graphite anodes. This phenomenon has been investigated and is believed to arise due to the thermodynamic instability of Na-intercalated graphite. We have recently demonstrated theoretical calculations showing it is possible to achieve thermodynamically stable Na-intercalated graphene structures with a fluorine surface modifier. Here, we present experimental evidence that Na+ intercalation is indeed possible in fluorinated few-layer graphene (F-FLG) structures using cyclic voltammetry (CV), ion-sensitive scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and in situ Raman spectroscopy. SECM and Raman spectroscopy confirmed Na+ intercalation in F-FLG, while CV measurements allowed us to quantify Na-intercalated F-FLG stoichiometries around NaC14–18. These stoichiometries are higher than the previously reported values of NaC186 in graphite. Our experiments revealed that reversible Na+ ion intercalation also requires a pre-formed Li-based SEI in addition to the surface fluorination, thereby highlighting the critical role of SEI in controlling ion-transfer kinetics in alkali-ion batteries. In summary, our findings highlight the use of surface modification and careful study of electrode-electrolyte interfaces and interphases as an enabling strategy for NIBs.

Lipid membranes in nature adapt and reconfigure to changes in composition, temperature, humidity, and mechanics. For instance, the oscillating mechanical forces on lung cells and alveoli influence membrane synthesis and structure during breathing. However, despite advances in the understanding of lipid membrane phase behavior and mechanics of tissue, there is a critical knowledge gap regarding the response of lipid membranes to micromechanical forces. Most studies of lipid membrane mechanics use supported lipid bilayer systems missing the structural complexity of pulmonary lipids in alveolar membranes comprising multi-bilayer interconnected stacks. Here, we elucidate the collective response of the major component of pulmonary lipids to strain in the form of multi-bilayer stacks supported on flexible elastomer substrates. We utilize X-ray diffraction, scanning probe microscopy, confocal microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation to show that lipid multilayered films both in gel and fluid states evolve structurally and mechanically in response to compression at multiple length scales. Specifically, compression leads to increased disorder of lipid alkyl chains comparable to the effect of cholesterol on gel phases as a direct result of the formation of nanoscale undulations in the lipid multilayers, also inducing buckling delamination and enhancing multi-bilayer alignment. We propose this cooperative short- and long-range reconfiguration of lipid multilayered films under compression constitutes a mechanism to accommodate stress and substrate topography. Our work raises fundamental insights regarding the adaptability of complex lipid membranes to mechanical stimuli. This is critical to several technologies requiring mechanically reconfigurable surfaces such as the development of electronic devices interfacing biological materials.

AbstractRecent discoveries of exotic physical phenomena, such as unconventional superconductivity in magic‐angle twisted bilayer graphene, dissipationless Dirac fermions in topological insulators, and quantum spin liquids, have triggered tremendous interest in quantum materials. The macroscopic revelation of quantum mechanical effects in quantum materials is associated with strong electron–electron correlations in the lattice, particularly where materials have reduced dimensionality. Owing to the strong correlations and confined geometry, altering atomic spacing and crystal symmetry via strain has emerged as an effective and versatile pathway for perturbing the subtle equilibrium of quantum states. This review highlights recent advances in strain‐tunable quantum phenomena and functionalities, with particular focus on low‐dimensional quantum materials. Experimental strategies for strain engineering are first discussed in terms of heterogeneity and elastic reconfigurability of strain distribution. The nontrivial quantum properties of several strain‐quantum coupled platforms, including 2D van der Waals materials and heterostructures, topological insulators, superconducting oxides, and metal halide perovskites, are next outlined, with current challenges and future opportunities in quantum straintronics followed. Overall, strain engineering of quantum phenomena and functionalities is a rich field for fundamental research of many‐body interactions and holds substantial promise for next‐generation electronics capable of ultrafast, dissipationless, and secure information processing and communications.

AbstractThe discovery of unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) supported the twist-angle-induced flat band structure predictions made a decade earlier. Numerous physical properties have since been linked to the interlayer twist angle using the flat band prediction as a guideline. However, some key observations like the nematic phase and striped charge order behind the superconductivity are missing in this initial model. Here we show that a thermodynamically stable large out-of-plane displacement, or corrugation of the bilayer, induced by the interlayer twist, demonstrates partially filled states of the flat band structure, accompanied by a broken symmetry, in the magic-angle regime and the presence of symmetry breaking associated with the superconductivity in tBLG. The distinction between low and high corrugation can also explain the observed evolution of the vibrational spectra of tBLG as a function of twist angle. Our observation that large out-of-plane deformation modes enable partial filling of states near the Fermi energy may lead to a strategy for offsetting the effects of disorder in the local twist angle, which suppresses unconventional superconductivity and correlated insulator behavior in magic-angle tBLG.

AbstractThe past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of graphene plasmonics and their applications in different fields. Compared with conventional plasmonic materials, graphene enables highly confined plasmons with much longer lifetimes. Moreover, graphene plasmons work in an extended wavelength range, i.e., mid-infrared and terahertz regime, overlapping with the fingerprints of most organic and biomolecules, and have broadened their applications towards plasmonic biological and chemical sensors. In this review, we discuss intrinsic plasmonic properties of graphene and strategies both for tuning graphene plasmons as well as achieving higher performance by integrating graphene with plasmonic nanostructures. Next, we survey applications of graphene and graphene-hybrid materials in biosensors, chemical sensors, optical sensors, and sensors in other fields. Lastly, we conclude this review by providing a brief outlook and challenges of the field. Through this review, we aim to provide an overall picture of graphene plasmonic sensing and to suggest future trends of development of graphene plasmonics.

We propose surface plasmon resonance biosensors based on crumpled graphene and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) flakes supported on stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or silicon substrates. Accumulation of specific biomarkers resulting in measurable shifts in the resonance wavelength of the plasmon modes of two-dimensional (2D) material structures, with crumpled structures demonstrating large refractive index shifts. Using theoretical calculations based on the semiclassical Drude model, combined with the finite element method, we demonstrate that the interaction between the surface plasmons of crumpled graphene/MoS2 layers and the surrounding analyte results in high sensitivity to biomarker driven refractive index shifts, up to 7499 nm/RIU for structures supported on silicon substrates. We can achieve a high figure of merit (FOM), defined as the ratio of the refractive index sensitivity to the full width at half maximum of the resonant peak, of approximately 62.5 RIU-1. Furthermore, the sensing properties of the device can be tuned by varying crumple period and aspect ratio through simple stretching and integrating material interlayers. By stacking multiple 2D materials in heterostructures supported on the PDMS layer, we produced hybrid plasmon resonances detuned from the PDMS absorbance region allowing higher sensitivity and FOM compared to pure crumpled graphene structures on the PDMS substrates. The high sensitivity and broad mechanical tunability of these crumpled 2D material biosensors considerable advantages over traditional refractive index sensors, providing a new platform for ultrasensitive biosensing.

Heterostructures of ferromagnetic (FM) and noble metal (NM) thin films have recently attracted considerable interest as viable platforms for the ultrafast generation, control, and transduction of light-induced spin currents. In such systems, an ultrafast laser can generate a transient spin current in the FM layer, which is then converted to a charge current at the FM/NM interface due to strong spin–orbit coupling in the NM layer. Whether such conversion can happen in a single material and how the resulting spin current can be quantified are open questions under active study. Here, we report ultrafast THz emission from spin–charge conversion in a bare FeRh thin film without any NM layer. Our results highlight that the magnetic material by itself can enable spin–charge conversion in the same order as that in a FM/NM heterostructure. We further propose a simple model to estimate the light-induced spin current in FeRh across its metamagnetic phase transition temperature. Our findings have implications for the study of the ultrafast dynamics of magnetic order in quantum materials using THz emission spectroscopy.